Divorce Project

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDKtG0Y35zM

Affirmative Action ReWrite

Alex Cusumano
Dr. Gibson
AEW 1st
20 November 2009
Reverse Discrimination
Two well qualified men apply for a job that involves a variety of skillful qualifications, experience, and a respectable educational background. One of the men surpasses the other in every field needed to become successful in the industry except one—his skin color. The noticeably less qualified man gets the job simply because of his minority background because the employer would be guilty of a statistically significant underutilization of ethnic groups if it hired another white male. The company becomes forced to not only hire but also maintain a diverse group of people based on race and gender, regardless of which group of people are best fit for the job. Many opportunities are given to underrepresented racial groups in circumstances where they are clearly not experienced enough to succeed. Affirmative action programs are intended to ensure equal opportunity for minorities and women. However, the invisible quotas force employers and colleges to hire and admit a selected number of minorities and women, which results in discrimination against well-qualified, white males.
Affirmative action and related policies have become a source of growing discontent and division in society since the late 1960s (Yates 1). There are people who encountered the country’s long and poor treatment towards racial minorities and women. Affirmative action’s ideological goals advocate the repair and compensation of the past treatment by ensuring equal employment opportunities in the present and near future (Yates 2). The Executive Order 11246, signed by Lyndon Johnson in 1965, required equal employment opportunity. The order prohibits federal contractors from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin (Executive 1). Many people today with mixed ethnic background are utilizing affirmative action programs, even when they are capable of finding jobs on their own. The original goals of affirmative action programs were supposed to temporary level the playing field (Pachon 3). But since a specific time period was not written in the law, people still abuse and reap the benefits of government protection. Minorities have more than enough chances to make it in the opportunistic American culture. The anti-discrimination programs have dragged on for almost 45 years and are now abused by many minorities who obtain jobs because of their skin color and not because of their abilities.
Affirmative action has replaced discrimination against women and minorities with unfairness against white men. Theoretically, the programs have good intentions, but, in practice, they have come to hide the unjust, equally harmful, and unconstitutional practices that give preference to some at the expense of others (Shelton 1). White males face the consequences that affirmative action programs deem acceptable. Some of the practices applied by affirmative action programs have stripped individual rights with group entitlements. Even though determining a specific set quota of ethnic groups has been ruled unconstitutional, it is the only way to determine if a business discriminates towards a certain ethnic group (Polyne 1). The hidden produced quotas in the workplace and college admissions have based hiring and acceptance on race rather than merit, respectively (Yates 3). If a company has a deficient workforce of people, they are required to hire a certain number of racially underrepresented people regardless of if they are qualified or not. Incongruously, hiring the less qualified person actually creates a deficient workforce.
A privately owned company has the right in determining which applicant would be the most useful and successful man or woman. The race, color, sex, or ethnic background should have nothing to do with deciding who to hire. If a white man is better than a black man at a job, give it to the white man; if a black man is better than a white man, give it to the black man. People who use their race as a way of obtaining benefits strip the non-colored American people of their opportunity. In January of 1995, a number of well-functioning companies in San Diego, California, came to discover that they had a deficient work force. The prognosis of their companies had come overnight, and had nothing to do with the intelligence of the workers, their level of education, their attendance, or their dedication. The workers were still able to repair jet engines, write computer programs, perform surgeries, run DNA tests, and even sweep the floors. The reason for their deficient workforce was because the new Equal Opportunity Ordinance claimed they were guilty of a “statistically underutilization of ethic or gender groups in any occupational category” (Billingsley 1). The companies were forced to file a Work Force Report, which indicates the number of ethnic groups, races, and gender groups their companies employ. The Employment Program Manager deemed these companies to have underrepresented groups of people. The female manager of the group has a team of 17 employees, 14 of which are female, to permanently correct the violation and establish an agreeable time for the companies to hire their underrepresented groups of people (Billingsley 1). Ironically, the team of 17 employees has 14 females doing the investigation. The team that enforces diversity in race in gender in the workplace contradicts what they believe in by their own staff of employees. A comparable circumstance would be if a police officer arrests a man for stealing, and then the next day the police officer himself steals. Their argument and policies appear illogical and unfair.
Many minority groups today call affirmative action programs racist. The opportunities given to an inner city school student and a private high school student will never be equal. Affirmative action programs do nothing to help the inner city students. Programs should be established in order to prevent uneducated high school students. The chain of education is flawed from the start. If the private high school student attends a university, he should be well-prepared because of his private high school experience. On the other hand, the inner city student will most likely be ill prepared for a university and fail because his lack of preparation for a serious education (Garces 2). One worker from the Institute for Justice, William Mellor, argues that many of the people who benefit from affirmative action programs do not need it. He says, “It helps those who need it least. For those in the inner city, it’s at best useless and at worst creates a climate of hostility from other workers” (Billingsley 3). Mellor recognizes that for some inner city students, the chances of succeeding are slim because of their lack of previous education. The only people who benefit from the affirmative action programs are already well-off middle class minorities. Equal opportunity programs intend to help all minority groups in America, especially underprivileged races. But, most of the time, helping underprivileged races has no affect because of their lack of previous education.
Many successful minority group leaders disapprove of affirmative action programs. Black journalist and media consultant Deroy Murdock, whose parents were impoverished immigrants from Costa Rica, voiced his opinion about affirmative action saying, “The underlying philosophy behind affirmative action is the notion that blacks and Hispanics aren’t smart and aren’t prepared. We must help these little brown people, and the black, that’s where affirmative action programs come from” (Billingsley 2). Murdock claims that affirmative action programs are racist for trying to help minorities. Many minority workers that have made it on their own try to set examples by showing that they do not need programs to help them succeed. One popular black economist Walter Williams says that, “affirmative action is demeaning in many ways and even those who support it would find it insulting if told that the reason they have a job is because of affirmative action” (qtd in Billingsley 2). The successful variety of color people know that other races can make it on their own. The affirmative action programs are there to simply create an illusion that racism is being resolved.
Good reasons exist as to why the critics of affirmative action have better arguments, but the struggles to eliminate racial quotas from our legal system have failed so far. The defenders of affirmative action programs somehow continue to prove that the programs do not create quotas and those complaints about those quotas are racist. The exact opposite is the case. They do create quotas for how many minorities to hire. If the quotas are not met, they are sometimes forced to hire that minority group and apologize for discriminating against them in the first place. The affirmative action programs are clearly outdated in our color blind nation. They have devastated the lives and careers of countless hardworking, well-qualified white males because they encountered the reverse discrimination of affirmative action programs.


Works Cited
Billingsley, K.L. "Affirmative Action Is Racist." Current Controversies: Racism. Ed.
Jennifer A. Hurley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Westminster Christian Academy Lib. 18 Nov. 2009 .
"Executive Order 11246 Summary." Employment Law Information Network. Web. 18
Nov. 2009. .
Garces, Gary Orfield, Erica Frankenberg, and Liliana M. "School Desegregation Needs
Improvement." At Issue: Is Racism a Serious Problem?. Ed. Aarti D. Stephens. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Westminster Christian Academy Lib. 18 Nov. 2009 .
Shelton, Hilary O. "Society Needs Affirmative Action." At Issue: Affirmative Action. Ed.
Bryan J. Grapes. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Westminster Christian Academy Lib. 18 Nov. 2009 .
Pachon, Harry P. "Affirmative Action Should Not Be Eliminated." Current
Controversies: Racism. Ed. Mary E. Williams. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Westminster Christian Academy Lib. 18 Nov. 2009 .
Polyne, Millery. "Affirmative Action Promotes Equal Access to Education." Interracial
America. Ed. Eleanor Stanford. Opposing Viewpoints®. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Westminster Christian Academy Lib. 18 Nov. 2009 .
Yates, Steven. "Affirmative Action Creates Reverse Discrimination." Opposing
Viewpoints: Discrimination. Ed. Mary E. Williams. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1997. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Westminster Christian Academy Lib. 18 Nov. 2009 .

Forged Coupon ReWrite

Alex Cusumano

Dr. Gibson

AWE 1st

13 October 2009

A Long Line of Influences

A famous American cartoonist, Scott Adams, once said, “You don’t have to be a ‘person of influence’ to be influential. In fact, the most influential people in my life are probably not even aware of the things they’ve taught me.” Adams states that some of the most influential people in his life are unaware of the impact they had on him. The cartoonist also reveals that influential people are not always those of high social status. In Leo Tolstoy’s novella, The Forged Coupon, he illustrates many different occasions where one small mistake leads to another. The characters in Tolstoy’s The Forged Coupon reveal how people can have negative or positive influences on others in society.

In Tolstoy’s novella, the author uses the character of Makhin to demonstrate how an individual can lead another person to commit a transgression that results in a bigger series of offenses. Mitya, a 15-year-old boy, gets himself into debt by borrowing six roubles from a friend to see a movie. He considers himself to be an honest person and he claims must pay back Petya Grushetsky because he promised that he would. He goes to his father to ask for an advance in his allowance, but it only ends in a fight. Mitya sees no easy way out but decides to listen to his friend, Makhin, for advice. The entire novel of The Forged Coupon is formulated on Mitya’s next decision. His original plan was to have his watch pawned. Makhin tells Mitya, “Put a one in front of the two roubles, and it’ll be twelve roubles fifty” (9). Mitya became interested in forging the coupon, even though he contemplates the negative results of the possible outcome. Makhin’s plan runs through Mitya’s head and it becomes exceptionally enticing. The plan seemed to be too easy. Mitya allows Makhin to trace a one in front of the two because the tempting and seemingly unproblematic situation appears flawless—at the time. Mitya successfully passes the forged coupon to Maria Vasilyevna, a store owner’s wife. Yevgeny Mikhailovich, the husband of Maria, realizing the coupon is forged, not only fails to destroy the counterfeit coupon but also passes it on. Yevgeny relays the coupon to a blameless peasant, Ivan Mironov, who was selling firewood in twenty degrees below zero temperature. Ivan seemed to be the perfect target for Yevgeny to pass the fake coupon to. He successfully swindled Ivan into selling him the firewood for cheaper than the cost of dirt, mainly because Ivan was desperate to return home. The forged coupon is eventually deemed counterfeit when Ivan tries to surpass it at a local inn where he ordered wine and tea. Ivan was unaware that the coupon was forged, and Ivan unfortunately ends up in jail for fraud. He was thrown in prison because of Makhin’s seemingly shrewd plan to influence Mitya to forge the coupon. The two boys had no idea what the consequences of their offense would produce. This led to misfortunes that the town people encountered starting with Makhin’s childish forging of the coupon. The poor choice of Makhin led to subsequent transgressions.

Celebrities in society influence the population in negative ways, whether they intend to or not. For instance, many junior golfers in the world today look up to popular tour players like Adam Scott, Camilo Villegas, and the infamous Tiger Woods. The players may or may not realize that every one of their actions on the golf course are perceived by younger, impressionable golfers. Slamming a club into the bag can make a 14-year-old think it is acceptable to do the same because the tour professionals did it. Golfers have the opportunity to influence the golf world by providing positive role modeling, but a flip side exists. A golfer’s temperament becomes evident when he or she hits a poor shot. True character comes out of a failed shot on the golf course. Tiger Woods, known for being the greatest golfer to ever play the game, may surprise people when they see him yell profanities on national television. A younger golfer who sees him curse will be negatively influenced by Woods and they might mimic that behavior after they miss-hit a shot. The little but influential emotional mistakes a player makes on the course has negative consequences for kids idolizing the outstanding golfers. The negative responses to poor results have a subtle but gullible impact upon young golfers.

In Tolstoy’s novella, he develops the character Maria Semyonovna to demonstrate how a positive attitude can guide people’s actions and have positive influences upon others. Maria was first introduced in the novella as having a positive attitude, even in the midst of being burdened by the rest of her family. Her upbeat, contagious attitude came from her hunger for scripture; more specifically, she clung to the teachings from the Sermon on the Mount (41). One day, she encountered a man on the street when she noticed he was staring at her. Maria quickly hurried home in fear that she was being followed. The next night Stepan, the man who was mesmerized by Maria on the street, broke into Maria’s house searching for money that she had received from her pension. Stepan started by murdering her aggressive husband, and also kills her precious daughter out of fear of waking Maria. As Stepan entered the bedroom, Maria sat upright in her bed, motionless and paralyzed. He approached the bed assuming Maria would refuse to give him the money. Maria cried, “Oh, what a great sin! How can you! Have mercy on yourself. To destroy somebody's soul . . . and worse, your own!” (54). He could not listen to her cries any longer and slashed her throat. Yet, the words that Maria cried at the moment of her death pierced Stepan so much so that he turned himself over to the police. In jail, he had repeated nightmares and visions of himself killing Maria. Stepan could not face the pain of his crime anymore and reached out to fellow cell mates in search of something greater. Stepan asked Chouev, his cellmate, “And what will become of those who have done evil?” (64). Maria’s godly example stirred Stepan’s emotions because he had not encountered a woman who accepted death so easily. The majority of his victims screamed and cried mercilessly, hoping they could bribe the killer for money. But Maria’s godly life influenced Stepan. It was not because she acted like a Christian so that others would comment on her attitude, but because she was a Christian day in and day out. Her cheerful heart wooed Stepan into examining his own life. Maria’s death led to a life being saved, and that life was the murderer who killed her and her family.

Just as Maria’s life changing positive attitude affected Stepan, some social groups in the world today have positive impacts on others. A group of three young filmmakers traveled to Africa in search of a story. To their surprise, they discovered a world where children were victims but also brain washed to act as weapons in a tragic country stuck in a war. They brought back a rough cut of their findings to the United States, with the objective of inspiring young adults to help underprivileged children of Africa. They became the Invisible Children foundation. Their staff consists of hundreds of full time volunteers, thousands of students, and thousands of supporters. Every single day the organization inspires high schools by showing the video to numerous groups of kids and giving them the opportunity to help neglected children, simply by donating spare change. Millions of dollars in donations were received in 2008. They raised awareness about Uganda’s violence involving the “invisible children”. The seemingly small video moved many high schools and inspired even more students to make a difference.

In Leo Tolstoy’s novella, The Forged Coupon, he illustrates how people are influenced in simple but positive ways, or, conversely, negative ones. As Adams alluded to, the most influential figures in people’s lives are probably not aware of their impact. This makes the influence they have on people genuine because then their influence does not come from trying to impress others but from being passionate. Tolstoy’s novella demonstrated many different occasions where people were influenced in negative and positive ways. The smallest of actions can change the lives of many people. Whether it is by donating a dollar to a charity, helping a food drive, or collecting coats for the homeless. Every action that is intended to help is a step in the right direction.

Forged Coupon Paragraph

A Rose For Emiy ReWrite

Alex Cusumano
Dr. Gibson
AEW
6 October 2009
Another Lonely Day
The great American writer Orson Welles once said, “We’re born alone, we live alone, and we die alone. Only through our love and friendship can we create the illusion for the moment that we’re not alone.” Welles portrays that everybody is alone throughout their entire life. He illustrates that people who have hundreds of acquaintances only temporarily create an illusion that they are not lonely. Often, those who experience loneliness also struggle with isolationism, insanity, and personal ridicule. In William Faulkner’s short story “A Rose for Emily,” he develops the theme that isolation can lead to madness through detailed portrayals of characterization.
The overbearing nature of Emily’s father causes her to become emotionally and mentally unstable when her father, the only male in her life, passes away. The reader can see how a single person affects mental development and self-importance through the way Emily’s father treats her. He deprived Emily of formulating fulfilled relationships outside of their home. When her father had passed away, she was in denial, saying, “her father was not dead” (4). For three days she denied her father was dead and “the ministers calling on her, and the doctors, [tried] to persuade her to let them dispose of the body” (4). Ironically, she clung to what had robbed her of a full life. Even though Emily was emotionally dependent upon her father, she had an immense reliance upon him and “after her father’s death she went out very little” (3). She became sick and was not seen by the townspeople for a long time. Emily’s sickness enables her to slowly isolate herself from everyone.
As Emily isolated herself, the southern townspeople tormented Emily through their constant disapproval and criticism her. Emily was a social icon in her town, a “tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town” (1). The community put Emily above everyone and everything else. They monitored Emily’s every move, trying to find faults in them. The townspeople did not show any genuine concern for Emily, which plays a significant part in her spiral towards madness. No one in the community reached out to Emily at the time of her father’s death. When Emily’s father passed away, the townspeople “were glad [because] at last they could pity Miss Emily” (4). A real community would be there for Emily if she had lost a loved one in which she heavily relied upon. Through Emily’s deeper isolationism, she further became lonely and depressed. The townspeople believed she would commit suicide. When Emily went to the druggist to get rat poison, the town commented, “‘She will kill herself’; and [they] said it would be the best thing” (6). The community had no real feelings for Emily. They town not shed a tear if Emily killed herself, but they would rejoice in the opportunity to gossip about it. The gossip of the town harmed even more, and Emily became more isolated and mentally unstable.
Being emotionally unstable from both Mr. Grierson and the townspeople, Emily longed for a person to trust again. Emily met and began to slowly see Homer Barron. Homer, too, was a public icon like Emily’s father because he “knew everybody in town” (5). With Homer’s public status came responsibility and disapproval. Homer is openly homosexual and “it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks’ Club” (Faulkner 7). Regardless of Homer being gay, Emily is still determined to be with him. Emily becomes dependent and reliant upon Homer, just as she did with her father. The townspeople criticized Homer, saying he “was a disgrace to the town and a bad example to the young people” (7). The minister was called upon to interview Emily about Homer and the “[minister] would never divulge what happened during that interview [and] refused to go back again” (7). Emily stood up for the second most important male in her lifetime. When Homer’s work was done in the town, he left and the townspeople believed he would return. The townspeople smirked at his arrival “[and] sure enough, as [they] had all expected, within three days Homer Barron was back in town” (7). As Homer disappeared into Emily’s dark house, the townspeople said, “that was the last we saw of Homer Barron” (7). Emily was unable to let Homer leave her; therefore, she took the liberty of taking his life and physical body, so he could run away. The body of Homer was later found after Emily’s death and “the man himself lay in the bed” (9). On one pillow was the body and on the adjacent one lay “a long strand of iron-gray hair” (10). She was afraid of being alone again and slept night after night with Homer’s rotten and decayed body—until she died, that is. She came into the world with one male and went out with only one as well.
The influence of Emily’s father, the townspeople, and Homer Barron all led her to becoming insane because of loneliness. Emily had limited experience for growing in personal relationships because of her father. This consequently led to Emily’s isolation and constant mockery from the townspeople. Then, Emily found a man who she thought wanted to be with her, but her inexperience with men and relationships ultimately causes her to fail. She not only becomes officially insane after killing Homer, but mainly because she was sleeping with his rotten, decayed corpse. As demonstrated by William Faulkner in his short story “A Rose for Emily,” isolationism can lead people to madness. Emily was affected by her neighbor’s negative comments which led her to madness. People need positive influences from neighboring peers. Life is not an easy road without encouragement from others. Orson Welles believes that friendship creates the temporary illusion that we are alone, but that temporary illusion can save someone from loneliness and insanity.

Literary Analysis of "A Rose for Emily"